Pulmonology is a medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and conditions related to the respiratory system, including the lungs, airways, and chest wall.

Pulmonologists treat a wide range of respiratory conditions, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, bronchitis, interstitial lung disease, pulmonary fibrosis, lung cancer, sleep apnea, and pulmonary embolism, among others.

Common symptoms of lung disease include shortness of breath, cough (with or without mucus production), chest pain, wheezing, fatigue, unexplained weight loss, and recurrent respiratory infections.

Asthma is diagnosed based on a combination of medical history, physical examination, lung function tests (spirometry), and sometimes allergy testing. Management typically involves avoiding triggers, using inhalers (bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory medications), and having an asthma action plan.

The primary risk factor for COPD is cigarette smoking. Other risk factors include long-term exposure to air pollution, occupational dust and chemicals, and a history of frequent respiratory infections.

While not all cases can be prevented, quitting smoking is the most significant modifiable risk factor for lung cancer. Avoiding exposure to secondhand smoke and environmental carcinogens can also reduce the risk.

Treatment for sleep apnea depends on the severity and type of the condition. It may include lifestyle changes, such as weight loss and sleep position modification, using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machines, dental appliances, or, in severe cases, surgical interventions.

Pulmonary function testing (PFT) is a group of tests that measure how well the lungs are functioning. It is useful in diagnosing and monitoring respiratory conditions such as asthma, COPD, and interstitial lung disease.