Endocrinology is a medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of disorders related to the endocrine system, which includes glands that produce hormones that regulate various bodily functions.

Hormones are chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands. They travel through the bloodstream and help regulate processes such as metabolism, growth, development, reproduction, and mood.

 Common endocrine disorders include diabetes mellitus (Type 1 and Type 2), thyroid disorders (hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism), adrenal disorders (Cushing’s syndrome and Addison’s disease), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and pituitary gland disorders.

Symptoms of thyroid dysfunction may include fatigue, weight changes, sensitivity to cold or heat, hair loss, changes in heart rate, mood swings, and changes in bowel habits.

Diabetes is a condition characterized by high blood glucose levels. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the body doesn’t produce insulin, while Type 2 diabetes is a condition where the body becomes resistant to insulin. Management involves lifestyle changes (diet and exercise), medications (insulin or oral medications), and blood sugar monitoring.

The pituitary gland, often called the “master gland,” produces hormones that control other endocrine glands in the body. If it malfunctions, it can lead to hormonal imbalances affecting growth, metabolism, reproduction, and other functions.

Osteoporosis is diagnosed through bone density testing (DEXA scan). Treatment includes calcium and vitamin D supplementation, exercise, lifestyle modifications, and medications to prevent bone loss and fractures.

Adrenal gland disorders can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, muscle weakness, changes in skin color, and blood pressure irregularities.